No direct way of measuring intelligence in extinct animals exists. Doing so in living animals is often difficult and controversial. Paleontologists commonly try to estimate intelligence in dinosaurs by comparing the size of the brain to the size of the body, a measure called the encephalization quotient. But incomplete fossils commonly complicate measuring the brain size, and accurately determining body mass is also difficult.
Nonetheless, by measuring the size of the brain cavity in available dinosaur skulls, it's clear that some dinosaurs had relatively larger brains (meaning encephalization quotients) than others and that dinosaurs' brains were not unusually small compared to those of living reptiles, such as crocodiles, turtles and lizards. Does this mean they were equally intelligent? Not necessarily. For example, Neanderthals have larger brains than we do, but few would argue that they were more intelligent than we are.
One can also examine the organization of the three main parts of the brain: the stem, which regulates heartbeat, respiration and other functions; the cerebellum, which coordinates muscle movements; and the cerebrum, which is involved with complex sensory functions and memory. Enlargement and more complexity in these regions suggest enhanced abilities that might be associated with intelligence. The cerebrum and cerebellum are relatively large in birds, which are living dinosaurs, and mammals. This implies enhanced sensory capabilities and memory. In Velociraptor and its close relatives, the cerebrum and cerebellum appear large and bird-like, possibly indicating enhanced abilities. All in all, some dinosaurs were probably about as intelligent as primitive birds, such as modern ostriches, but not as intelligent as more advanced birds, whose brains are even larger and more complex.
This video is part of a series, "Dinosaurs Explained," produced by the American Museum of Natural History. In the series, Museum paleontologists answer the most frequently asked questions about dinosaurs.
To watch the videos, go to www.amnh.org/explore/amnh-tv. Click on the "Dinosaurs Explained" Tab on the left side of the page. In the playlist, start with the first question and play each video consecutively for a mini-course in dinosaur fossils.
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